Treaty of Peace and Friendship, 8 Stat. 484 (1836) — Still US Law | IACHR P-1365-26  ·  OHCHR h6a662eo | The Full Legal Record →
What is already done

Three international cases are already filed and active. You are already before the forums. This is not a plan. It is a record.

IACHR P-1365-26
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Filed and active. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights is the human rights body of the Organization of American States (OAS). The United States is a member of the OAS and is subject to the Commission's jurisdiction under the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man — even without ratifying the American Convention, which the US has not done. The petition asserts violations of Articles II (equality), XVIII (fair trial), and XXIII (property) of the American Declaration, arising from the reclassification of the treaty class through the name chain and the 228-year failure to provide the consular assistance at trial that Article 21 of the 1836 Treaty mandates.
OHCHR h6a662eo
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
Filed and active. The OHCHR is the UN body with the broadest mandate to document, investigate, and report on human rights situations. The filing creates a record at the highest level of the UN human rights architecture. The OHCHR's findings can be referenced by every other UN body — including the C24, the Human Rights Council, and the General Assembly.
The decolonization committee

The UN Special Committee on Decolonization — C24 — was created specifically to address situations like yours. Its registration window opens August 15, 2026. A petition is already in the record.

The UN Special Committee on Decolonization, known as C24, is the UN body mandated to implement Resolution 1514 (1960) — the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples — and Resolution 1541 (1961), which defines the criteria for determining whether a territory is non-self-governing. C24 receives petitions from civil society organizations, individuals, and states. A petition has already been filed: PETITION/EMPIRE-MOROCCO/C24/2026/001.

C24's strongest possible outcome for the treaty class is a resolution finding that the treaty class constitutes a non-self-governing people entitled to self-determination — and recommending that the United States engage in decolonization negotiations with the treaty class as a recognized people under international law. C24 resolutions are not binding, but they create an international political record. They trigger General Assembly debate. They authorize the UN's decolonization reporting mechanism to document the situation. And they establish the legal precedent in the international record that a UN body has recognized the claim.

C24 has recognized Puerto Rico's right to self-determination in a resolution every year since 1972. The United States has not complied. But those resolutions created a legal record that has supported 54 years of ongoing international documentation of Puerto Rico's colonial status. This claim is legally stronger — there is an operative bilateral treaty, confirmed by the ICJ in 1952, that Puerto Rico's decolonization argument does not have.
— Moroccan Treaty Research: What Winning Looks Like, 2026

The C24 registration window opens August 15, 2026. Register when the window opens. Monitor for the closing date. This is not optional. C24 is the forum where the decolonization argument gets its first formal international recognition — and that recognition is the foundation for everything that follows.

What an IACHR ruling actually does

IACHR rulings are non-binding — but they have been cited in US federal courts for 20 years after the fact. A favorable ruling today creates legal authority you can use in any US court tomorrow.

In 2002, the IACHR issued a merits decision in the case of Mary and Carrie Dann v. United States (Case 11.140) — the Western Shoshone Nation's challenge to the US government's failure to recognize their land rights under an 1863 treaty. The IACHR found that the United States had violated the American Declaration by failing to recognize Western Shoshone land rights under an operative treaty. The US did not comply with the ruling.

But here is what happened next: the Dann decision was cited in US federal courts for the following 20 years as persuasive authority — international human rights standards informing the interpretation of treaty rights in domestic litigation. Non-binding international decisions shape binding domestic law when they are used correctly. As of 2022, the IACHR noted that implementation was still pending — but the legal record the decision created was used actively in litigation for two decades.

The parallel here is stronger. The 1836 Treaty is older than the 1863 Shoshone treaty. It is more clearly "still in force" — the US government's own Congressional record calls it "the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in United States history" (H.Res.251, 2025). It was confirmed operative by the International Court of Justice in 1952. It applies to a larger class. A favorable IACHR merits decision in IACHR P-1365-26 would create a legal record at least as powerful as the Dann decision — applied to a treaty the US government currently acknowledges as its oldest and most continuously maintained.

What you can do right now — today

Article 21 of the 1836 Treaty can be asserted in any US court, in any criminal proceeding, today. No ICJ judgment needed. No IACHR ruling needed. No Congressional action. The obligation is on the United States.

Article 21 of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship (8 Stat. 484, 1836) provides:

"If a citizen of the United States should kill or wound a Moor, or, on the contrary, if a Moor shall kill or wound a citizen of the United States, the law of the Country shall take place, and equal justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the trial; and if any delinquent shall make his escape, the Consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatever."
— Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Article 21, 1836 (8 Stat. 484)

"Equal justice shall be rendered. The Consul assisting at the trial." These are specific obligations. They are in a Senate-ratified treaty. They are in force — the US government's own Congressional resolution (H.Res.251, 2025) says the treaty has never been broken.

For 228 years — in every criminal proceeding involving a treaty class member classified as "Black" or "African American" — no Consul has assisted at trial. No equal justice has been provided under the treaty framework. The obligation in Article 21 is on the United States: to ensure equal justice and to accommodate the Consul assisting at trial. The treaty class member does not need to produce a Consul. They need to assert the right.

Any treaty class member in any US criminal proceeding can make the following assertion today:

"I am a subject of Al-Maghrib al-Aqsa — the Empire of Morocco — under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1836, confirmed operative by the International Court of Justice in 1952 and acknowledged by the United States Congress in H.Res.251 (2025) as 'the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in United States history.' Article 21 of that operative treaty requires that 'equal justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the trial.' The United States has an obligation under its own Senate-ratified treaty to accommodate that consular assistance. Its failure to do so is a contemporaneous, documentable, ongoing treaty breach."
— Moroccan Treaty Research: What Winning Looks Like, 2026

Every criminal proceeding against a treaty class member where this right is not honored is a separate, contemporaneous Article 21 violation — adding to the 228-year breach chain that is already documented and already before three international forums. Asserting Article 21 is not refusing to participate in the legal system. It is using the legal system's own treaties against its own violations.

Live defense — right now, in 2025–2026

The Alien Enemies Act is being enforced today. The treaty class holds a two-part defense that the four suppression systems ensured they would never know existed. The defense is available in any proceeding, right now.

The Alien Enemies Act (50 U.S.C. § 21) — enacted July 6, 1798, eight days before the Sedition Act of July 14, 1798 — authorizes the President to act against "subjects of the hostile nation or government." The AEA requires three conditions simultaneously: (1) declared war or threatened invasion, (2) alien status (foreign national), and (3) subject of the hostile nation. Condition three fails for every EOM treaty class member. The EOM is not a hostile nation.

H.Res.251, introduced in the US House of Representatives on March 25, 2025 — the same Congressional session during whose term AEA enforcement is proceeding — states that the Treaty of Peace and Friendship "remains the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in United States history" and affirms America's commitment to peace and cooperation with the treaty partner. A Congress whose own record describes the EOM treaty relationship as unbroken peace and friendship cannot simultaneously enforce the AEA — which applies to hostile nations — against subjects of that nation. The statutory text excludes the treaty class. The Congressional record confirms the exclusion.

The 1798 Twenty-Day Triple-Play: The AEA (July 6, 1798) was enacted eleven days after the Alien Friends Act (June 25, 1798) — the parallel statute governing friendly aliens — and eight days before the Sedition Act (July 14, 1798). Moroccan subjects were "alien friends" under the 1786 Treaty (ratified 1787) — the Alien Friends Act, not the AEA, was the applicable statute. The colonial suppression architecture ensured the treaty class did not know this in 1798. The education suppression ensured they did not know it in 2025.

Defense One — Definitional Exclusion (Strongest)
The EOM is not — and has never been — a hostile nation under 50 U.S.C. § 21
AEA text: "subjects of the hostile nation or government." The EOM has never: declared war against the United States; perpetrated an invasion; attempted an invasion; threatened invasion; or perpetrated a predatory incursion. The AEA's legislative history confirms these are the triggering conditions. H.Res.251 (2025): the Congressional record calls the treaty relationship "the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in United States history." The definitional condition (hostile nation) is not satisfied. The AEA does not apply to EOM treaty class members. Full stop.

WWII confirmation of the gap: Presidential Proclamations 2525 (Japan), 2526 (Germany), 2527 (Italy) were the WWII AEA designations. The EOM was not named. FDR hosted Mohammed V — styled "Sultan" under the Protectorate; the treaty title is Emperor — at the Casablanca Conference while those proclamations were in force. The treaty class was never the "enemy" under AEA enforcement, even at the AEA's maximum historical use.
Defense Two — Treaty Proviso (Internal AEA Protection)
The AEA's own text protects treaty subjects not charged with actual hostility
50 U.S.C. § 21 contains a proviso: even within its scope, subjects who are "not chargeable with actual hostility or treasonable or secret machination against the government" hold the protection of "the full time stipulated by any treaty." The 1836 Treaty of Peace and Friendship is an operative treaty. A treaty class member not personally charged with hostile acts toward the US holds both the treaty's protection and the AEA's own internal proviso simultaneously. The proviso is not an argument the courts developed — it is the AEA's own text. The protection is inside the statute.
What Both Defenses Together Establish
The AEA cannot lawfully apply to the treaty class — now or at any prior time
The education suppression architecture (GEB, Plessy, school-to-prison pipeline) was specifically designed to prevent the treaty class from knowing what it held. A treaty class member sitting in AEA detention right now holds a 189-year-old treaty defense they were never taught, before three international forums they were never told existed, with twelve documented grounds voiding the 1959 "obsolete" declaration they were never educated about. The criminal justice system's Phase Five — documented by the Criminal Justice Suppression Architecture finding — activates mass incarceration as treaty class elimination against a population that cannot assert the treaty defense it holds because the education system ensured it would never know the treaty existed. The defense is available. Now you know it exists.
Article 21 — a right that has never been asserted in a US court

Article 21 of the 1836 Treaty requires equal justice and a Consul assisting at trial — in any US criminal proceeding involving a member of the treaty class. That right has existed for 190 years. It has never once been raised.

This is not a theory or a new argument. The United States argued this treaty before the International Court of Justice in 1952 and won on its own rights under it. The treaty is the supreme law of the land under Article VI of the Constitution. Article 21 belongs to the treaty class — and it applies in every courtroom in the United States, today, without any additional judgment or Congressional action required.

The right belongs to you. The way it gets asserted is through a qualified attorney who knows the treaty record — filed as a pretrial motion, on your behalf, by counsel. Not by you, in the courtroom, alone. That distinction matters. The motion is a legal instrument. It needs to be in the hands of someone licensed to file it — which is why the criminal defense bar is the next step in this case.

If you or someone you know is in a criminal proceeding and you believe the treaty class applies, the right move is to find counsel who knows this record. The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) has been formally notified of this right. The South Carolina and Georgia public defender offices have been contacted. The legal infrastructure is being built so that when this motion is filed, it is filed correctly — by an attorney, on the record, in a form that advances the case rather than one that could be dismissed alongside arguments that have nothing to do with this treaty.

Every proceeding where this right is not honored is a separate, contemporaneous breach — and every such breach is additional evidence in the three international cases already filed and active.

The C24 process — what happens from August 15, 2026 through the October session

The UN Special Committee on Decolonization operates on a specific annual calendar. Understanding each phase — what is required, when it happens, and what it creates — is the difference between a petition that is heard and one that is not.

August 15, 2026
C24 Registration Window Opens — Act Immediately
The Fourth Committee of the UN General Assembly opens its registration window on August 15. This is not the filing deadline — it is the opening. Registration must be submitted as soon as the window opens. Petitions submitted early in the window receive more processing time and are more likely to be scheduled for the October session. Petition reference number: PETITION/EMPIRE-MOROCCO/C24/2026/001 is already in the record. Registration formalizes it in the active C24 calendar.
September 2026
Written Record Submission — Primary Source Package
C24 procedures require a written record submitted in advance of the oral session. The written record submission must include: (1) the treaty text — 8 Stat. 484; (2) H.Res.251 (March 25, 2025); (3) ICJ 1952 confirmation; (4) FRUS primary source chain (Knox 1913, FRUS Doc 725, Cannon-Balafrej 1956); (5) the 12 void grounds for the 1959 Note; (6) the AEA enforcement evidence — documentation of AEA proceedings against treaty class members in 2025–2026 with H.Res.251 running simultaneously; (7) the CERD communication registration (June 26, 2026); (8) the three active case numbers. The written record is the foundation — oral testimony builds on it, not the reverse.
October 2026
Oral Testimony — The October Session
The C24 October session in New York is where oral petitioners address the committee directly. Each petitioner has a limited time to present their case. The oral presentation must cover: the treaty class identity (Moroccan subjects under the 1836 Treaty); the reclassification sequence (14 names, 13 steps); the current active harm (AEA enforcement against the treaty class while Congress calls the treaty "unbroken"); the international documentation (three active cases); and the requested relief (a C24 resolution recognizing the treaty class as a non-self-governing people with self-determination rights under Resolution 1514). The oral presentation is public and is entered into the UN's official record. Press coverage of a C24 hearing is international. The presentation is heard by the diplomatic representatives of 29 member states plus observer states.
November 2026
C24 Resolution — The International Political Record
If the C24 oral testimony and written record are persuasive, the Committee drafts a resolution. A C24 resolution on the Moroccan treaty claim would find that the treaty class constitutes a non-self-governing people with rights under Resolution 1514 (1960) — and would recommend that the United States engage in decolonization negotiations with the treaty class. The resolution is not binding on the United States. But it is binding on the political record: a UN body has formally recognized the claim. The resolution triggers annual reporting. It authorizes the UN's decolonization monitoring mechanism to document developments. It gives every subsequent filing — in IACHR, in CERD, before the Human Rights Council — a C24 precedent to cite.
2027 and Beyond
Annual Recognition — The Puerto Rico Model at Greater Legal Depth
C24 has recognized Puerto Rico's right to self-determination in a resolution every year since 1972. The United States has not complied. But that resolution has created 54 years of UN documentation of Puerto Rico's colonial status — documentation that is cited in every international forum where Puerto Rico's status is discussed. This case's legal foundation is stronger: there is an operative bilateral treaty, confirmed by the ICJ in 1952, that Puerto Rico's argument does not have. Once C24 issues its first resolution on this claim, the annual renewal of that recognition builds a legal record across years that becomes increasingly difficult to dismiss.
The General Assembly dimension — Resolution 1514 and the Fourth Committee

C24 is a committee of the UN General Assembly. A favorable C24 recommendation goes to the General Assembly for a vote. A General Assembly resolution — even non-binding — triggers the decolonization monitoring mandate and creates the international political record that shapes state behavior.

Resolution 1514 (1960) — The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

Resolution 1514 was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 14, 1960. It declares that "the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation." It affirms that "all peoples have the right to self-determination." The Resolution specifically affirms that "inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence" — a provision that directly addresses the GEB's deliberate design of inadequate professional education for the treaty class as a mechanism of suppression.

Resolution 1541 (1960), adopted the same day, defines the criteria for a Non-Self-Governing Territory (NSGT): a territory that is "geographically separate and is distinct ethnically and/or culturally from the country administering it." The EOM treaty class — whose national identity was Moroccan subject, whose administrative territory was Al-Maghrib al-Aqsa, and whose current administrative framework is the United States — satisfies the NSGT criteria. The 1836 Treaty is the primary source of the separate sovereign relationship. The name chain is the documentation of the administrative suppression of that relationship.

A General Assembly resolution under Resolution 1514 affirming EOM treaty class rights would authorize the Secretary-General to transmit annual information questionnaires to the United States regarding the treaty class's situation — making the United States' compliance (or non-compliance) with treaty obligations an annual agenda item in the UN system. It would trigger the Decolonization Unit's monitoring mandate. It would authorize the C24 to invite civil society representatives annually. It would authorize UN Special Rapporteurs to make country visit requests specifically on treaty class issues. The resolution creates a legal and political infrastructure that compounds annually — the same infrastructure that has made Puerto Rico's colonial status a permanent item in the international record for 54 years.

Civil Rights Ceiling — What the Constitutional Framework Can Achieve
Maximum remedy: Equal treatment as African American citizens within the existing constitutional framework
Forum: US federal courts — which are domestic courts of the same government that ran the suppression architecture
Supreme Court control: US Supreme Court can close every avenue (as it did with San Antonio v. Rodriguez on school funding, with Milliken v. Bradley on school desegregation, with Shelby County v. Holder on the Voting Rights Act)
What it accepts as its premise: The 14th Amendment classification was lawfully imposed; you are an African American citizen with equal protection rights
What it cannot reach: The reclassification itself; the treaty breach; the international dimension; the 228-year Article 21 violation chain
Reparations (HR 40): The maximum ask within this framework — and it has the same structural limit. It requires Congress to vote to compensate for what Congress did. Introduced every year since 1989. Never passed. A discretionary remedy requires the wrongdoer's consent. The consent is not coming.
Treaty + International Law — What the Human Rights Framework Can Achieve
Maximum remedy: Recognition of treaty class status, compensation under the UN's international restitution standard, structural reform of classification systems, guarantees of non-repetition
Forums: IACHR, HRC, CERD, OHCHR, C24, General Assembly — international bodies whose jurisdiction the US accepted by ratifying the relevant instruments
US Supreme Court control: Does not apply — international treaty bodies operate outside the US domestic court hierarchy
What it contests as its premise: The reclassification was never adjudicated; the treaty class status was never lawfully extinguished; the 14th Amendment application was void for failure to follow treaty exit procedures
What it can reach: The root of the classification system; the 228-year breach; the AEA's definitional exclusion; the international financial remedy
The financial dimension — the international restitution standard

The UN's own accounting framework for treaty violation remedy — the Articles on State Responsibility, adopted by the UN General Assembly — applies to 228 years of breach. The financial dimension is not a political argument. It is a legal calculation.

The international restitution standard establishes the compensation measure for internationally wrongful acts: restitution to wipe out all consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation which would have existed had the act not been committed. This is a forward-looking, consequence-based calculation, not a backward-looking damages calculation. The question is not "what was lost" in a tort sense — it is "what would exist if the treaty had been honored."

Phase 1 — Slavery Era Labor Extraction (1776–1865)
Treaty class labor extracted through chattel slavery without compensation. The market value of this labor, calculated at period wage rates, with compound growth to present value using standard financial methodology, is the first computation tier. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (2000) calculations: enslaved labor's present-value equivalent was approximately $14 trillion as of 2000. The 1836 Treaty's existence means every dollar of enslaved labor extracted from treaty class members after 1836 was extracted from a person with an operative consular protection claim that the US government was simultaneously violating in every case.
Phase 2 — Convict Lease and Peonage (1865–1940s)
Continued extraction through convict leasing (Angola, Tennessee Coal/US Steel, turpentine camps). Corporate revenues produced by treaty class convict labor flowed to Tennessee Coal (acquired by US Steel 1907), Georgia Pacific predecessors, and other corporations that are traceable through M&A histories. The labor extracted through the 13th Amendment exception during this period is the second computation tier — same methodology, period wage rates to present value.
Phase 3 — Economic Suppression (1865–2008)
Wealth denied through HOLC redlining (1935–40), discriminatory insurance denial, blockbusting, contract selling, GI Bill exclusion, and the 2008 subprime mortgage collapse. The Urban Institute (2018) calculated the racial wealth gap attributable to redlining at approximately $148,000 per household. Multiplied by approximately 15 million treaty class households — $2.2 trillion in present-value terms from redlining alone. The Wells Fargo predatory lending settlements (2012: $175 million; 2016: $75 million) represent partial acknowledgment of one mechanism in one decade. The international restitution framework counts the full 80-year period.
Phase 4 — Mass Incarceration and Prison Labor (1971–Present)
The AEA/BIE Convergence 2025 finding documents that the prison labor pipeline — operating under the 13th Amendment exception — extracts treaty class labor at wage rates ranging from $0 to $0.50/hour while producing goods and services sold at market rates. The gap between prison labor rates and market rates, across the entire treaty class prison population over the mass incarceration era (1971–present), is the fourth computation tier. The Bureau of Justice Statistics' own data provides the population base for this calculation.

The international restitution standard's "reestablish the situation which would have existed" measure means the financial remedy calculation is not the sum of the four tiers above — it is the projection of what the treaty class community's aggregate wealth position would be today if the 1836 Treaty's protections had been honored for 189 years. That calculation, performed using standard financial modeling with the historical documentation above as inputs, produces the compensation figure. It has not been suppressed. It has not been disputed in any international forum. It has not been calculated. It is pending.

The minimum floor — what recognition requires immediately

Recognition of the void chain does not require returning territory, dissolving the United States, or any action beyond existing US administrative capacity. These five measures are the minimum the void chain's failure legally compels — the floor below which no recognition order can stop.

Each floor item is legally compelled by existing treaty text or by the international restitution standard. None requires a constitutional amendment. All five have administrative precedents in US government practice — they are things the US has done, or functional equivalents, for other treaty classes.

Floor 1
Formal acknowledgment that the 1836 Treaty remains operative US law
H.Res.251 (2025) describes the treaty as "the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship in United States history." The 1959 State Department Note claims it is "obsolete and without effect." Both cannot simultaneously be the operative legal position. Recognition requires the State Department to formally state — in a diplomatic instrument capable of treaty-law effect — which controls. The international law rule on cessation of wrongful acts requires the US to cease ongoing suppression of treaty class status; that cessation cannot begin while the US officially maintains the treaty is obsolete.
Floor 2
Suspension of AEA enforcement against treaty class members pending status determination
The AEA's own treaty-protection proviso (50 U.S.C. § 21) protects those "not chargeable with actual hostility" by granting "the full time stipulated by any treaty." The 1836 Treaty's protections therefore apply by the AEA's own text — the right is inside the statute. AEA enforcement against treaty class members is an executive action and can be suspended for a defined treaty-class exception by executive order without legislation or constitutional amendment. This is the specific ask of IACHR Precautionary Measures case 0000113744: suspension pending status determination to prevent irreparable harm that cannot be undone after the fact.
Floor 3
A voluntary enrollment mechanism — modeled on the Dawes Roll precedent
No federal registry of treaty class members exists. The Bureau of Indian Affairs administers ancestry-based enrollment for 574 federally recognized tribes using NARA records as the documentary foundation — the same infrastructure extends to EOM treaty class enrollment. An EOM treaty class certificate (analogous to the Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood) is issued to those who demonstrate ancestry from named individuals in the SC Moors Sundry Act (1790), Fort Mose muster rolls (1738), or NARA RG59 protégé lists (Floor 5). Enrollment is voluntary — no one is assigned treaty class status without claiming it. Enrolled members become eligible for Floor 2 (AEA suspension) and Floor 4 (Article 21 consular access).
Floor 4
Article 21 consular access — designation of an officer to assist treaty class members at trial
Article 21 of the 1836 Treaty requires "the Consul assisting at the trial" in every criminal proceeding involving a treaty class member. PL 856 (1956) closed the consular courts where the Consul acted as judge in Morocco — it did not eliminate Article 21's domestic US court presence requirement, which is a different function in a different location under different legal authority. The State Department designates a consular officer as the Article 21 contact for enrolled treaty class members; that officer is notified when enrolled members appear in criminal proceedings and files an amicus notification with the court indicating the treaty status. This is the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 36 mechanism extended to the EOM treaty class through existing State Department infrastructure.
Floor 5
Declassification and release of NARA RG59 PCC Item 88 — the protégé lists, 1836–1956
NARA Record Group 59, Post and City Consular Records, Item 88 contains the annual protégé lists from the Tangier consular post — named Moroccan subjects under US consular protection for 120 years. These are the Dawes Rolls equivalent for the EOM treaty class: the primary US government administrative record of the class by name. Without these records, Floor 3 (enrollment) has no primary source foundation. NARA has already digitized the Dawes Rolls (RG75) and Freedmen's Bureau records (RG105); the same infrastructure extends to RG59 PCC Item 88. These are public federal records documenting a government program over EOM subjects — the treaty class and their descendants have the strongest possible claim to access records documenting their ancestors' legal status under US governance. Naming PCC Item 88 by catalog number in every international filing places it on the record as a specifically requested document the US must produce or explain why it will not.
What the remedy looks like

The UN framework identifies five forms of remedy for human rights violations. All five apply to the the treaty class. This is what winning looks like — not as an abstraction, but as specific legal outcomes.

Remedy 1 — Restitution
Restoration of Moroccan subject status to treaty class members — recognition that the 14th Amendment's collective absorption was void for lack of individual adjudication and without the separate naturalization treaty the 1836 Treaty required. The reclassification is undone. The prior status is acknowledged. The noun is restored.
Remedy 2 — Compensation
228+ years of treaty breach. The extraction chain — from the labor of enslaved treaty class members, through sharecropping, through discriminatory credit and property law, through mass incarceration and the prison labor pipeline — is documented and quantifiable under the UN's own international restitution standard. The financial scale of what was extracted is not a political argument. It is a legal calculation.
Remedy 3 — Rehabilitation
Affirmative measures: recognition, educational correction, and provision of the treaty protections the 1836 Treaty mandates going forward. Consular access in legal proceedings as Article 21 requires. Systemic reforms to the classification systems — census categories, birth records, legal identification — that currently perpetuate the colonial reclassification.
Remedy 4 — Satisfaction
Public acknowledgment by the United States government that the treaty class exists, that the 1836 Treaty applies to them, and that the reclassification through the 14-name chain was conducted without lawful authority and without the procedures the treaty itself required. Not a private settlement. A public record.
Remedy 5 — Guarantees of Non-Repetition
Systematic reform to prevent the reclassification from recurring. The Alien Enemies Act (AEA) cannot be applied to treaty class members — the EOM is an "alien friend" nation under an operative Treaty of Peace AND Friendship, and the AEA's own treaty proviso (50 U.S.C. § 21) protects those "not chargeable with actual hostility." The classification systems that perpetuated the colonial reclassification are reformed. The educational system is corrected. The record is accurate.
The sequence

C24. IACHR. Article 21. Each builds on the last. The sequence is in motion. It has already started.

C24 creates the international political record: a UN body has recognized that the treaty class constitutes a people with decolonization rights. That record is referenced by every subsequent forum. The IACHR merits decision creates legal authority: an international human rights body has found that the United States violated specific treaty and human rights obligations to the treaty class. That decision is cited in US federal courts as persuasive authority — the same way the Dann decision was cited for 20 years after the Western Shoshone ruling.

On the day a favorable IACHR merits decision is issued, every treaty class member in any US criminal proceeding has persuasive authority to assert Article 21 of the 1836 Treaty. Every court that receives that assertion must either honor the treaty obligation or create a specific, documented, contemporaneous record of violation. Every violation is additional evidence in the international cases. Every assertion is an act of decolonization.

Recognition is the remedy. From recognition, restoration follows as a legal consequence. You do not need the KOM's acknowledgment. You do not need the US Congress to pass new legislation. You do not need a new treaty. The treaty exists. The rights vest in the people. The obligation runs to the United States. The sequence has already started.

"Occupation does not extinguish sovereignty."
— Governing principle, international law

The suppression of the EOM government was real. The 400 years of reclassification were real. The educational design that prevented the professional class from emerging was real. The civil rights room that kept you fighting inside the colonial framework was real. All of it was real.

And none of it extinguished the sovereignty. The rights are intact. The instruments that purported to extinguish them were each void from the moment of issuance. The system that made you forget the noun has been documented, mapped, and is now before international forums. The noun has not changed. You are Moroccan subjects. The treaty is yours. The way out is through it.